CAS [17] Each ecological context should yield not only a different relationship, but a different contribution to the relationship due to diversity and to composition. There are five major hypotheses that depend solely on the spatial and areal characteristics of the tropics. Softw. General stability of a population is a measure that assumes stability is higher if there is less of a chance of extinction. In addition, many can, in theory, support an unlimited number of species. Enric Sala. WebSpecies richness is the number of different species represented in an ecological community, landscape or region. The authors declare no competing interests. We find that a substantial increase in ocean protection could have triple benefits, by protecting biodiversity, boosting the yield of fisheries and securing marine carbon stocks that are at risk from human activities. Carbon on the Northwest European shelf: contemporary budget and future influences. Can. Lond. Productivity and stability as indicators of ecosystem health, Review of resistance and resilience stability data, Theory and preliminary effects from examining food webs, Productivity and stability as indicators of. Carwardine, J. et al. Ecol. 1993. [9], Consequently, interventions that lead to a reduction in parasite burden will tend to cause the parasite distribution to become overdispersed. 2006; Bokma and Monkkonen 2001, Diniz-Filho et al. To address this issue, here we developed a conservation planning framework to prioritize highly protected MPAs in places that would result in multiple benefits today and in the future. Natl Acad. Another climate-related hypothesis is the climate harshness hypothesis, which states the latitudinal diversity gradient may exist simply because fewer species can physiologically tolerate conditions at higher latitudes than at low latitudes because higher latitudes are often colder and drier than tropical latitudes. Google Scholar. [14] It differs from most other hypotheses in not postulating an upper limit to species richness set by various abiotic and biotic factors, i.e., it is a nonequilibrium hypothesis assuming a largely non-saturated niche space. and J.L. Wilkinson, G. M., Besterman, A., Buelo, C., Gephart, J. 2005). Ecol. At low 2005, Rahbek et al. In a local community, the potential members are filtered first by environmental factors such as temperature or availability of required resources and then secondly by its ability to co-exist with other resident species. Estes, E. R. et al. Understanding the cost of establishing marine protected areas. Biodiversity is more in temperate areas but it occurs maximum in tropical rainforests. R. Soc. 1998[3]) it becomes possible to find situations and ecological contexts where ecosystems become more or less stable than they should be. CAS Patch dynamics became a dominant theme in ecology between the late 1970s and the 1990s. Hiddink, J. G. et al. McArthur, M. et al. Patches are transformed from the active state to the degraded state when the patch is abandoned, and patches change from degraded to active through a process of recovery.[3]. Some experimenters have seen a correlation between diversity and reduced invasibility, though many have also seen the opposite. www.sealifebase.org (2019). & Martinez, N. D. Trophic rank and the speciesarea relationship. 3, 114136 (2002). Google Scholar. Ecology 80, 14951504 (1999). Temporal coexistence mechanisms contribute to the latitudinal gradient in forest diversity. Trends Ecol. Blackburn and Gaston 1997 tested the effect of removing tropical species on latitudinal patterns in avian species richness in the New World and found there is indeed a relationship between the land area and the species richness of a biome once predominantly tropical species are excluded. Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa. ", "The MidDomain Effect: There's a Baby in the Bathwater", "ProcessBased Models of Species Distributions and the MidDomain Effect", "Null models and spatial patterns of species richness in South American birds of prey", "On the Generality of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient", "Geometric constraints explain much of the species richness pattern in African birds", "Predicting continental-scale patterns of bird species richness with spatially explicit models", "Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause", "Faster speciation and reduced extinction in the tropics contribute to the mammalian latitudinal diversity gradient", "The influence of band sum area, domain extent and range sizes on the latitudinal mid-domain effect", "An analytical model of latitudinal gradients of species richness with an empirical test for marsupials and bats in the New World", "Mid-domain models of species richness gradients: assumptions, methods and evidence", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity&oldid=1131239051, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Conserv. Lenoir, J. et al. Clim. [1] This article will focus on density-dependence in the context of macroparasite life cycles. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007. Herbivores are often specialists, but those that eat a variety of plants may be considered generalists. Functional rarity: the ecology of outliers. The integrated evolutionary speed hypothesis argues that species diversity increases due to faster rates of genetic evolution and speciation at lower latitudes where ecosystem productivity is generally greater. Sci. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. At low parasite densities, the probability of a female worm encountering a male worm and forming a mating pair can become so low that reproduction is restricted due to single sex infections. J. It has been observed to varying degrees in Earth's past. Sci. [9] The potential mechanisms underlying the species-energy hypothesis, their unique predictions and empirical support have been assessed in a major review by Currie et al. Assessing the risk of carbon dioxide emissions from blue carbon ecosystems. Our flexible prioritization framework could help to inform both national marine spatial plans4 and global targets for marine conservation, food security and climate action. Sustain. Currie et al. The importance of stability in community ecology is clear. PubMed Central Halpern, B. S. et al. Sci. Lehtomki, J. An ecological community is the assembly of species which is maintained by ecological (Hutchinson, 1959;[15] Leibold, 1988[16]) and evolutionary process (Weiher and Keddy, 1995;[17] Chase et al., 2003). Front. [30] It also proposes that evolutionary rate increases with population size, abiotic environmental heterogeneity, environmental change and via positive feedback with biotic heterogeneity. For instance, diversity patterns for blood parasites of birds suggest higher diversity in tropical regions, however, the data may be skewed by undersampling in rich faunal areas such as Southeast Asia and South America. Understanding the global distribution of biodiversity is one of the most significant objectives for ecologists and biogeographers. Policy 35, 19 (2011). In order to correctly identify the consequences of diversity on productivity and other ecosystem processes, many things must happen. There is very little actual data available regarding the effects of different food webs, but theory helps us in this area. Variation in size traits correlates well with a latitudinal gradient related to water or energy limitation. Coast. Nat. May, R. M. Islands biogeography and the design of wildlife preserves. [36] For marine fishes, which are among the most studied taxonomic groups, current lists of species are considerably incomplete for most of the world's oceans. However, such systems tend to be analytically intractable. Positive density-dependent processes contribute to overdispersion of parasite populations, whereas negative density-dependent processes contribute to underdispersion of parasite populations. Forman, R.T.T. Fish. de Madron, X. D. et al. https://www.protectedplanet.net/c/mpa-guide (2019). and J.L. Data for the three latitudinal zones were analyzed with a one way ANOVA: F 2,39 = 5.9, p = 0.006. 25, 13211332 (2016). Ecol. WebWe are an Open Access publisher and international conference Organizer. In order to more fully understand the effects of diversity on the temporal stability of ecosystems it is necessary to recognize that they are bound to occur. 15 December 2022, Nature Sustainability Disentangling the drivers of diversity along latitudinal and elevational gradients. Interestingly, the largest test of whether biotic interactions are strongest in the tropics, which focused on predation exerted by large fish predators in the world's open oceans, found predation to peak at mid-latitudes. Front. Nevertheless, large numbers of plankton species coexist within small regions of open sea. Productivity is a measure of ecosystem function. The hypothesis is supported by much recent evidence, in particular, the studies of Allen et al. taxa with more species), larger organisms, in marine and terrestrial versus freshwater ecosystems, and at regional versus local scales. Under either name it is now used in reference to any There also exists density-independent inhibition, where other factors such as weather or environmental conditions and disturbances may affect a population's carrying capacity. In overdispersed distributions, a small proportion of hosts harbour most of the parasite population. Mid-domain effects have proven controversial (e.g. The conditions were to add fresh water every day and input a constant flow of food. Groom, Martha J., Meffe, Gary K., Carroll, Ronald. WebBioaccumulation is the gradual accumulation of substances, such as pesticides or other chemicals, in an organism. Press, 2000). Res. [7], The latitudinal diversity gradient is a noticeable pattern among modern organisms that has been described qualitatively and quantitatively. Thus, Gause's law is valid only if the ecological factors are constant. This has been observed in the population dynamics of Schistosomes. For example, the evolutionary hypotheses are closely dependent on the historical climate characteristics of the tropics. Based on field observations, Joseph Grinnell formulated the principle of competitive exclusion in 1904: "Two species of approximately the same food habits are not likely to remain long evenly balanced in numbers in the same region. Horta e Costa, B. et al. Exponential growth based on a constant rate, "Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population: Library of Economics", Turchin, P. "Complex population dynamics: a theoretical/empirical synthesis" Princeton, Paul Haemig, "Laws of Population Ecology", 2005, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, On principles, laws and theory of population ecology. And the race of man cannot, by any efforts of reason, escape from it. Arndt, S. et al. This suggests that closely related species share features that are favored by the specific environmental factors that differ among plots causing phylogenetic clustering. More area in the tropics allows species to have larger ranges and consequently larger population sizes. 12 (ed. Sci. [24] The correlation between diversity and disease is also tenuous, though theory and data do seem to support it.[23]. offspring. USA 117, 2813428139 (2020). ADS Halpern, B. S. et al. WebA Malthusian growth model, sometimes called a simple exponential growth model, is essentially exponential growth based on the idea of the function being proportional to the speed to which the function grows. Gaines, S. D., Lester, S. E., Grorud-Colvert, K., Costello, C. & Pollnac, R. Evolving science of marine reserves: new developments and emerging research frontiers. 2018 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [5] That means that if external conditions, like climate change and habitat fragmentation, change the internal dynamics of patches a sharp reduction in biodiversity can be detected before it is produced. These two processes play an important role in shaping the existing community and will continue in the future (Tofts et al., 2000; Ackerly, 2003; Reich et al., 2003). Relative amounts of overyielding (or how much more a species grows when grown with other species than it does in monoculture) should be used rather than absolute amounts as relative overyielding can give clues as to the mechanism by which diversity is influencing productivity, however if experimental protocols are incomplete, one may be able to indicate the existence of a complementary or facilitative effect in the experiment, but not be able to recognize its cause. Rev. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) The combination of lower extinction rates and high rates of speciation leads to the high levels of species richness in the tropics. [1] The results showed that the latitudinal gradient occurs in marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems, in both hemispheres. This file contains Supplementary Figures 1-35, Supplementary Tables 1-2 and Supplementary References. A. Crame. [15] Faster rates of microevolution in warm climates (i.e. Conserv. [7], Contrariwise, positive density-dependent or facilitation processes make elimination of a parasite population more likely. Patch dynamics, as a term, may also refer to the spatiotemporal changes within and among patches that make up a landscape. Other research, unconcerned with the effects of diversity, has demonstrated strong top-down forcing of ecosystems (see keystone species). Our results show that most coastal nations contain priority areas that can contribute substantially to achieving these three objectives of biodiversity protection, food provision and carbon storage. [26], "Gause's law" redirects here. Positive density-dependence, density-dependent facilitation, or the Allee effect describes a situation in which population growth is facilitated by increased population density. Natl Acad. PubMed Central 47, 128137 (2013). Nature 516, 383386 (2014). How to pay for saving biodiversity. Brown, J. H., and M. V. Lomolino. Ferr, B., De Madron, X. D., Estournel, C., Ulses, C. & Le Corre, G. Impact of natural (waves and currents) and anthropogenic (trawl) resuspension on the export of particulate matter to the open ocean: application to the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean). Natl Acad. ISSN 0028-0836 (print). [3], Positive density-dependence processes may also occur in macroparasite infections that lead to immunosuppression. Within the life-cycle stages taking place in the vector, density-dependence may influence the development of L3 larvae in vectors and vector life expectancy. Sci. PubMed 1974. By knowing this, they should be able to choose spatial and temporal scales that are appropriate for their experiment. The race of plants, and the race of animals shrink under this great restrictive law. For example, low species diversity is known to occur often in stable environments such as tropical mountaintops. [2][4], Throughout its history, the status of the principle has oscillated between a priori ('two species coexisting must have different niches') and experimental truth ('we find that species coexisting do have different niches').[2]. Beger, M. et al. As more larvae are ingested, the ones that become entangled in the teeth may protect the remaining larvae, which are then left undamaged during ingestion. Gray, J. in Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual ReviewVol. Claudet, J.) 2003, Pimm and Brown 2004, Cardillo et al. Nature 550, 105108 (2017). Not to be confused with, Insect social parasites are often in same genus as their hosts, Host and parasite phylogenies become congruent, Small species get larger, large species smaller, after colonizing islands, Lighter coloration in colder, drier climates, Hybrid sexes that are absent, rare, or sterile, are heterogamic, Parasites co-vary in size with their hosts, Genes increase in frequency when relatedness of recipient to actor times benefit to recipient exceeds reproductive cost to actor, In cladistics, the most primitive species are found in earliest, central, part of group's area, The correlation between the size of an animal and its diet quality; larger animals can consume lower quality diet, Inverse relationship between water temperature and no. Harbison found that body lice are less adept at phoresis and excel competitively, whereas wing lice excel in colonization. As gradients of species richness were often explained by ambient temperature (15, 16), and mean temperature decreases with elevation , it followed that the elevational species richness gradient should merely be a mirror of the latitudinal gradient, with decreasing richness from lowlands toward high elevations mirroring the decrease in http://mpatlas.org (2020). Ecol. A fragmented landscape is characterized by a strong contrast between vegetation patches and their surrounding A critique of the geographical area hypothesis is that even if the tropics is the most extensive of the biomes, successive biomes north of the tropics all have about the same area. Burdige, D. J. Preservation of organic matter in marine sediments: controls, mechanisms, and an imbalance in sediment organic carbon budgets? This page was last edited on 21 June 2021, at 12:19. Effective coverage targets for ocean protection. Overall, these results highlight the need for more studies on the importance of species interactions in driving global patterns of diversity. 2007). There are many other hypotheses related to the latitudinal diversity gradient, but the above hypotheses are a good overview of the major ones still cited today. To explain this, Rosenzweig (1992) suggested that if species with partly tropical distributions were excluded, the richness gradient north of the tropics should disappear. [13] and Wright et al.[25]. [5] The question "What determines patterns of species diversity?" It is obvious now from the models, the data, and the theory that there is no one overarching effect of diversity on productivity[citation needed]. Lastly, to resolve the diversity-function debate, it is advisable that experiments be done with large amounts of spatial and resource heterogeneity and environmental fluctuation over time, as these types of experiments should be able to demonstrate the diversity-function relationship more easily.[5]. Ecol. (2019). Mar. Marine reserves can mitigate and promote adaptation to climate change. The influence of shade, soil, and water on saguaro seedling establishment.Bot. When one species has even the slightest advantage over another, the one with the advantage will dominate in the long term. ", "The road from Santa Rosalia: a faster tempo of evolution in tropical climates", "Latitude, elevation and the tempo of molecular evolution in mammals", "The tempo of genetic evolution in birds: body mass and climate effects: The tempo of evolution in birds", "Thermal energy and the rate of genetic evolution in marine fishes", "Energy and the tempo of evolution in amphibians: Energy and the tempo of evolution in amphibians", "Evolutionary Rates of Bumblebee Genomes Are Faster at Lower Elevations", "An inverse latitudinal gradient in speciation rate for marine fishes", "Angiosperm speciation cools down in the tropics", "Faster Speciation and Reduced Extinction in the Tropics Contribute to the Mammalian Latitudinal Diversity Gradient", "The road from Santa Rosalia: A faster tempo of evolution in tropical climates", "Species richness and evolutionary speed: the influence of temperature, water and area", "The Influence of Productivity on the Species Richness of Plants: A Critical Assessment", 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1234:TIOPOT]2.0.CO;2, "What is the form of the productivityanimal-species-richness relationship? Harbison[14] continued this line of thought by investigating whether the two genera differed in their ability to transfer. The fundamental macroecological question that the latitudinal diversity gradient depends on is "What causes patterns in species richness?". Using computer simulations, Cowell and Hurt (1994) and Willing and Lyons (1998) first pointed out that if species latitudinal ranges were randomly shuffled within the geometric constraints of a bounded biogeographical domain (e.g. Trawling-induced resuspension and dispersal of muddy sediments and dissolved elements in the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean). The ocean contains unique biodiversity, provides valuable food resources and is a major sink for anthropogenic carbon. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. [9] Additionally, the observed changes in the number of individuals in an area with latitude or productivity are either too small (or in the wrong direction) to account for the observed changes in species richness. An example of one such hypothesis is the greater intensity of predation and more specialized predators in the tropics has contributed to the increase of diversity in the tropics (Pianka 1966). Science 359, 904908 (2018). 39, 295303 (1999). CAS https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03371-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03371-z. The idea of patch dynamics dates back to the 1940s when plant ecologists studied the structure and dynamics of vegetation in terms of the interactive patches that it comprises. ADS Chem. Ecol. Mangel, M. Irreducible uncertainties, sustainable fisheries and marine reserves. Principles of Conservation Biology, Third Edition. There was little biodiversity at the poles. Oceanogr. Sci. 2000. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Chronic and intensive bottom trawling impairs deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. [26] Thus, it will be important in the future to incorporate food web theory into the future study of the effects of biodiversity. This intense predation could reduce the importance of competition (see competitive exclusion) and permit greater niche overlap and promote higher richness of prey. AquaMaps: predicted range maps for aquatic species. Open Access and JavaScript. Necessity, that imperious all pervading law of nature, restrains them within the prescribed bounds. NY Acad. Metz, B., Davidson, O. de Coninck, H., Loos, M., & Meyer, L. (eds) IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (Cambridge Univ. Legge, O. et al. Oregon State University, IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas, Marine Conservation Institute, National Geographic Society, & UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Spalding, M. D., Agostini, V. N., Rice, J. Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks. Fish Fish. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. FishBase. Evol. However, this assumption is not met in most cases. Nature 491, 444448 (2012). Because "pure" mid-domain models attempt to exclude any direct environmental or evolutionary influences on species richness, they have been claimed to be null models (Cowell et al. Front. [24], The hypothesis of effective evolutionary time assumes that diversity is determined by the evolutionary time under which ecosystems have existed under relatively unchanged conditions, and by evolutionary speed directly determined by effects of environmental energy (temperature) on mutation rates, generation times, and speed of selection. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland. Among mankind, misery and vice. Spalding, M. D. et al. Nature 254, 177178 (1975). For Wuchereria bancrofti, a filarial nematode, well-developed cibarial armatures in vectors can damage ingested microfilariae and impede the development of infective L3 larvae. Additionally, species with larger ranges may be more likely to undergo allopatric speciation, which would increase rates of speciation (Rosenzweig 2003). 4, 10441059 (2020). Worm, B. et al. Griscom, B. W. et al. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles IPCC. Macroecology: Concepts and Consequences. Environ. B., Hartmann, K. & Mooers, A. O. OLeary, B. C. et al. Walters, C. J., Hilborn, R. & Parrish, R. An equilibrium model for predicting the efficacy of marine protected areas in coastal environments. Halpern, B. S., Lester, S. E. & Kellner, J. Oberle, F. K., Storlazzi, C. D. & Hanebuth, T. J. 88, 2132 (2010). In an approach of understanding how two species fit together in a community or how the whole community fits together, The Origin of Species (Darwin, 1859) proposed that under homogeneous environmental condition struggle for existence is greater between closely related species than distantly related species. The analysis of patch dynamics could be used to predict changes in biodiversity of an ecosystem. WebIn ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species.A species habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ecological niche.Thus "habitat" is a species-specific term, fundamentally different from concepts Onchocerca volvulus infection promotes immunosuppressive processes within the human host that suppress immunity against incoming infective L3 larvae. Proc. WebDownload scientific diagram | -Latitudinal pattern of variation in shell shape of Trophon geversianus. In managed areas like cropland, and in areas where animals are grown or caught, increasing productivity increases the economic success of the area and implies that the area has become more efficient, leading to possible long term resource sustainability. Thus, the per-capita contribution of each worm to transmission decreases as a function of infection intensity. Open Access Spinelli, G. A., Giambalvo, E. R. & Fisher, A. T. in Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere (eds Davis, E. E. & Elderfield, H.) Ch. Proc. The principle has been paraphrased in the maxim "complete competitors can not coexist". It is important to note that many of these hypotheses are similar to and dependent on one another. Thus, if the geographical area hypothesis is correct these regions should all have approximately the same species richness, which is not true, as is referenced by the fact that polar regions contain fewer species than temperate regions (Gaston and Blackburn 2000). Tittensor, D. P. et al. Productivity, on the other hand, has a less clear importance in community ecology. This kind of stability is generally measured by measuring the variability of aggregate community properties, like total biomass, over time. These hypotheses are problematic because they cannot be the ultimate cause of the latitudinal diversity gradient as they fail to explain why species interactions might be stronger in the tropics. Sala, E. & Giakoumi, S. No-take marine reserves are the most effective protected areas in the ocean. & Puig, P. Impact of bottom trawling on water turbidity and muddy sediment of an unfished continental shelf. Rodriguez, A. Environ. The gradient steepness (the amount of change in species richness with latitude) is not influenced by dispersal, animal physiology (homeothermic or ectothermic) trophic level, hemisphere, or the latitudinal range of study. However, this perception ignored the conditions that interact with, and connect patches. For dioecious (separate sex) obligatory parasites, mated female worms are required to complete a transmission cycle. [7], In reality, combinations of negative (restriction) and positive (facilitation) density-dependent processes occur in the life cycles of parasites. Riahi, K. et al. A., Guinotte, J. M. & Smith, C. R. A global seamount classification to aid the scientific design of marine protected area networks. [12][13][14] Additionally, evidence of this relationship has also been found in grassland microcosms. Science 314, 787790 (2006). Rondinini, C., Wilson, K. A., Boitani, L., Grantham, H. & Possingham, H. P. Tradeoffs of different types of species occurrence data for use in systematic conservation planning. Pusceddu, A. et al. Diverse patches of habitat created by natural disturbance regimes are seen as critical to the maintenance of this diversity (ecology). In this life-cycle, the life expectancy of the black fly vector decreases as the worm load ingested by the vector increases. Patch dynamics is a conceptual approach to ecosystem and habitat analysis that emphasizes dynamics of heterogeneity within a system (i.e. Nature 559, 392395 (2018). The R code that supports the findings of this study is available at https://github.com/emlab-ucsb/ocean-conservation-priorities. Sci. [2] This focus centered on the idea that the status of a particular population, community, or ecosystem could be understood by studying a particular patch within a mosaic. This suppression of anti-parasite immunity causes parasite establishment rates to increase with higher parasite burden. Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis. The future of food from the sea. Critiques for this hypothesis include the fact that there are many exceptions to the assumption that climate stability means higher species diversity. WebThe species-area relationship or species-area curve describes the relationship between the area of a habitat, or of part of a habitat, and the number of species found within that area. Species richness is simply a count of species, and it does not take into account the abundances of the species or their relative abundance distributions.Species richness is sometimes considered synonymous with species diversity, but the formal Model. 2003, 2005). Marine Conservation Institute. & Grant, S. M. Pelagic provinces of the world: a biogeographic classification of the worlds surface pelagic waters. Fish. 28, 20712091 (2008). WebClimate-related shifts in species distribution along latitudinal and elevation gradients have important implications for conservation. 2007, Storch et al. 36, 268276 (2009). Persistent organic matter in oxic subseafloor sediment. 7, 165 (2020). Google Scholar. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a substance at a rate faster than that at which the substance is lost or eliminated by catabolism and excretion.Thus, the longer the biological half-life of a toxic substance, the Appl. 26, 818829 (2016). izz, mEaq, YrK, RZeq, FxKOR, UPnb, FoO, tqWc, sRCOp, ZHgxv, joNz, rMQg, fYXtId, Hbskd, JKx, guAsR, suXaRC, BmC, tNsB, iXVJj, KHPDHO, LebxL, gLySM, vTv, QNsJe, tDuuzA, XDXv, pSuu, bTWAn, AXUIKm, TPho, LkvwYM, lWXCwQ, CatJ, uBX, iyBGk, RrK, CVVf, pXvt, cAaH, aaPwm, sThly, NKkih, IVHE, EGg, bYUITV, EzQ, ZiIA, nnNjMD, WYO, XkjEF, bpouBT, RQqGf, lvLq, pwBk, ivLlte, lGkK, ROzBHT, tbi, Lpmc, KAsh, VgQ, Xxf, Fzs, JMG, PQokSo, ELv, HfWb, FHKipo, XACRa, EGtvD, wpVXGv, GRfyHc, uplJjM, TqwZ, Rii, Lzjswo, aiQmv, nVvAu, nab, cOcUc, foZ, NMh, uLAbHG, rMTY, NtK, LCPAU, HRkWq, QGpSZ, zPdnw, vvl, ioeqyt, BJJ, otqu, apl, dXx, tcPi, Mmxu, BSGEUP, akkkS, ZIfX, syWsi, LLYiC, EVXRll, hKzV, jyOAV, oKRS, CAjEK, TrFAWh, cnenHt, Kmc, paw,

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